A
Algae - Rooftop fungus that can leave dark stains on roofing.
Angled fasteners - Roofing nails and staples driven into decks at angles not parallel to the deck.
APA – (American Plywood Association) Tests and sets standards for all varieties of plywood used in the U.S.
Apron flashing - Metal flashing used at the front of roof projections: chimney, dormer, eyebrow, etc..
ARMA – (Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer’s Association) Organization of roofing manufacturers.
Asphalt - A bituminous waterproofing agent used in various types of roofing materials.
Asphalt concrete primer - Asphalt based primer used to prepare concrete and metal for asphalt sealant.
Asphalt plastic cement - Asphalt based sealant material, meeting ASTM D4586 Type I or II. Used to seal and adhere roofing materials. (also called mastic, blackjack, roof tar, bull).
ASTM – (The American Society for Testing and Materials) Organization that sets standards for a wide variety of materials, including roofing.
B
Back-surfacing - Granular material added to shingle’s back to assist in keeping separate during delivery and storage.
Blistering - Bubbles or pimples in roofing materials. Usually moisture related. In shingles blisters are either moisture under the material or moisture trapped inside the material.
Blow-offs - When shingles are subjected to high winds, and are forced off a roof deck.
Buckling - When a wrinkle or ripple affects shingles or their underlayments.
BUR - (“Built-up-Roofing”) Two or more layers of felt cemented (tarred) together and surfaced with a cap sheet, mineral aggregate, smooth coating or similar surfacing material. Go to OUR SERVICES for more detail.
C
Closed-cut valley - A shingle valley installation method where one roof plane’s shingles completely cover the other’s. The top layer is cut to match the valley lines.
Cobra® - GAFMC’s respected brand name for ventilation products.
Corrosion - When rust, rot or age negatively affect roofing metals.
Counter-flashing -The metal or siding material that is installed over roof-top base flashing systems.
Country Mansion® -GAFMC’s limited lifetime warranty shingle.
Country Estates™ -GAFMC’s limited lifetime warranty shingle.
Cricket - A peaked water diverter installed behind chimneys and other large roof projections. Effectively diverts water around projections.
Cupping - When shingles are improperly installed over an existing roof or are over-exposed, they form a curl or cup.
D
Deck - The structural substrate over which roofing is applied. Can be plywood, wood planks, concrete or metal.
Dormer - A raised roof extending out of a larger roof plane.
Drip-edge - An installed lip that keeps shingles up off of the deck at edges, and extends shingles out over eaves and gutters, and prevents water from backing up under shingles.
Dubl-Coverage® Mineral Guard - Roll roofing material with 19" selvage edge for double coverage over roof deck.
E
Eaves - The roof edge from the fascia to the structure’s outside wall. In general terms, the first three feet across a roof is termed the eave.
End-laps - When installing rolled products in roofing, the area where a roll ends on a roof, and is overlapped by the next section of rolled material. (underlayments, rolled roofing)
Exposure - The area on any roofing material that is left exposed to the elements.
F
Fasteners - Nails or staples used in securing roofing to the deck. Felt-Organic or paper-based rolled material saturated with asphalt to serve as roofing underlayment.
FHA -The Federal Housing Authority. Sets construction standards throughout the U.S.
Fiberglass mat - fibers condensed into strong, resilient mats for use in roofing materials.
Flange -Metal pan extending up or down a roof slope around flashing pieces. Usually at chimneys and plumbing vents
Flashing - Materials (often metal) used to waterproof a roof around projections through, walls adjacent to, transitions in, or edges of the roof deck.
Flashing cement - Sealant designed for use around flashing areas, typically thicker than plastic cement.
G
Gable roof - Traditional roof style; two peaked roof planes meeting at a ridge line of equal size.
GAFCant® - GAFMC cant strips for deflecting water away from flashing areas. Typically used on low slope roofs.
Golden Pledge® - GAFMC’s strongest limited warranty for shingles. America’s strongest steep slope warranty.
Grand Sequoia® - GAFMC shingle with wood shake appearance.
Grand Slate™ - GAFMC shingle with slate appearance.
Granules - Crushed rock that is covered with a ceramic coating and fired, used as top surface on shingles.
H
Hand-sealing - The method to assure sealing of shingles on very steep slopes, in high wind areas, and when installing in cold weather.
High nailing - When shingles are nailed or fastened above the manufacturer’s specified nail location. (usually not a good thing)
Hip legs - The down-slope ridges on hip roofs.
Hip roof - A roof with four roof planes coming together at a peak and four separate hip legs (pyramid).
I
Ice Dam - When a snow load melts on a roof and re-freezes at the eave areas; the resulting ice dam forces water to "back-up" a roof and cause leakage.
Interlayment - A layer of felt or nonbituminous saturated felt not less than 18 inches (457 mm) wide, shingled between each course of a wood-shake roof covering.
L
"L" flashing - Continuous metal flashing consisting of several feet of metal. Used at wall-to-roof intersections, bent to resemble an "L".
Laminated shingles - [dimensional shingles and architectural shingles] Shingles made from two separate pieces that are laminated together. GAFMC Timberline® Series, Country Mansion® and Grand Sequoia® Shingles.
Laps - The area where roll roofing or rolled underlayments overlap one another during application (see also side laps and end laps).
Low slopes -Roof pitches less than 4/12 are considered low sloped roofs. Pitches less than 2/12 are best covered with roll roofing materials or single-ply materials. Special shingle installation practices must be used on roofs sloped 2/12-4/12.
M
Mansard - A roof design with a nearly vertical roof plane that ties into a roof plane of less slope at its peak.
Mats - The general term for the base material of shingles and certain rolled products; a woven mesh.
Mechanical Equipment Screen - A partially enclosed rooftop structure used to aesthetically conceal heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) electrical or mechanical equipment from view.
Metal Roof Panel - An interlocking metal sheet having a minimum installed weather exposure of 3 square feet (0.279 m2) per sheet.
Metal Roof Shingle - An interlocking metal sheet having an installed weather exposure less than 3 square feet (0.279 m2) per sheet.
Modified bitumen - Rolled roofing membrane with polymer modified asphalt and either polyester or fiberglass reinforcement. The sheet materials shall be fully adhered or mechanically attached to the substrate or held in place with an approved ballast layer. Go to OUR SERVICES for more detail.
Mortar - Mixture of sand, mortar, limestone and water used in bonding a chimney’s bricks together.
N
Nail-guide-line - Painted line on laminated shingles, to aid in the proper placement of fasteners.
Nail-pop - When a nail is not fully driven, or is forced out of the wood, it sits up off the roof deck.
Nesting - Installing a second layer of shingles aligning courses with the original roof to avoid shingle cupping.
NRCA - The National Roofing Contractors Association. Respected national organization of roofing contractors.
O
Open valley - Valley installation using metal or rolled roofing exposed down the valley center.
Organic mat - Material made from recycled wood pulp and paper.
Organic Shingles - Shingles made from organic (paper) mats.
OSB - Oriented Strand Board. A decking made from wood chips and lamination glues.
Over-driven - The term used for fasteners driven through roofing material with too much force, breaking the material.
Over-exposed - Installing shingle courses higher than their intended exposure.
P
Penthouse - An enclosed, unoccupied structure above the roof of a building, other than a tank, tower, spire, dome cupola or bulkhead, occupying not more than one-third of the roof area.
Pitch - ratio of the rise of the roof to the span of the roof.
Power vents - Electrically powered fans used to move air from attics and structures.
Plastic cement - Asphalt based sealant. Also called bull, mastic, tar, asphalt cement.
Plumbing vents - Term used to describe plumbing pipes that project through a roof plane. Also called vent stacks.
Positive Roof Drainage - The drainage condition in which consideration has been made for all loading deflections of the roof deck, and additional slope has been provided to ensure drainage of the roof within 48 hours of precipitation.
Prevailing wind - The most common direction of wind for a particular region.
Q
Quarter sized - Term for the size of hand sealant dabs, size of a U.S. 25¢ piece.
R
Racking - Method of installing shingles in a straight up the roof manner.
Rake edge -The vertical edge of gable style roof planes.
Release film - The plastic sheet installed on the back of Weather Watch® and StormGuard® underlayments. Used for packaging and handling.
Reroofing - The process of recovering or replacing an existing roof covering. See "Roof recover" and "Roof replacement."
Rigid Vent - Hard plastic ridge vent material.
Roof Assembly - A system designed to provide weather protection and resistance to design loads. The system consists of a roof covering and roof deck or a single component serving as both the roof covering and the roof deck. A roof assembly includes the roof deck, vapor retarder, substrate or thermal barrier, insulation, vapor retarder and roof covering.
Roof Covering - The covering applied to the roof deck for weather resistance, fire classification or appearance.
Roof Covering System - See "Roof assembly."
Roof Deck - The flat or sloped surface not including its supporting members or vertical supports.
Roof Louvers - Rooftop rectangular shaped roof vents. Also called box vents, mushroom vents, airhawks, soldier vents.
Roof-Over - The process of applying a new roof layer over the existing roof layer, only removing small portions of the existing roof to facilitate applying the new roof layer. See “Roof Recover”.
Roof Plane - A roofing area defined by having four separate edges. One side of a gable, hip or mansard roof.
Roof Recover - The process of applying ng an new roof covering over a prepared existing roof covering without removing the existing roof covering. See “Roof-Over”.
Roof Repair - Reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing roof for the purposes of its maintenance.
Roof Replacement - The process of removing the existing roof covering, repairing any damaged substrate and installing a new roof covering.
Roof Section - A separation or division of a roof area by existing joints, parapet walls, flashing (excluding valleys), difference of elevation (excluding hips and ridges), roof type or legal description; not including the roof area required for a proper tie-off with an existing system.
Roof Ventilation - The natural or mechanical process of supplying conditioned or unconditioned air to, or removing such air from, attics, cathedral ceilings or other enclosed spaces over which a roof assembly is installed.
Rooftop Structure - An enclosed structure on or above the roof of any part of a building.
S
Sawteeth - The exposed section of double thickness on Timberline® Series shingles. Shaped to imitate wood shake look on the roof.
Scupper - An opening in a wall or parapet that allows water to drain from a roof.
Self-sealant - Sealant installed on shingles. After installation, heat and sun will activate sealant to seal the shingles to each other.
Selvage - The non exposed area on rolled roofing. Area without granules. Designed for nail placement and sealant.
Shed roof - Roof design of a single roof plane. Area does not tie into any other roofs.
Shingle-Mate® - GAFMC’s shingle underlayment. Breather type with fiberglass backing to reduce wrinkles and buckles.
Side-laps - The area on rolled material where one roll overlaps the rolled material beneath it. Also called selvage edge on rolled roofing.
Side-walls - Where a vertical roof plane meets a vertical wall. The sides of dormers etc.
Single Ply Membrane - A roofing membrane that is field applied using one layer of material rather than multiple layers. Go to OUR SERVICES for more detail.
Soffit ventilation - Intake ventilation installed under the eaves, or at the roof edge.
Smart Choice® Limited Warranty - GAFMC’s standard shingle limited warranty.
Smart Choice® System Plus Limited Warranty - GAFMC’s next grade of enhanced warranty. Extended coverage for owners.
Starter strip - The first course of roofing installed. Usually trimmed from main roof material.
Steep slope roofing - Generally all slopes 4/12 & higher are considered steep slopes.
Step-flashing - Metal flashing pieces installed at side-walls and chimneys for weather-proofing.
StormGuard® - GAFMC waterproof underlayment. Film surfaced rolled underlayment, 1.5 or 2 squares coverage per roll.
T
Tab - The bottom portion of traditional shingle separated by the shingle cut-outs.
Tear-off - Removal of an existing roofing layer. (often means removal down to the roof deck or structure below the roofing)
Telegraphing - When shingles reflect the uneven surface beneath them. Shingles installed over buckled shingles may show some buckles.
Timberline® Series - GAFMC’s trademark name for laminated wood shake style shingles.
TIMBERTEX® - GAFMC enhanced Hip and Ridge Shingles.
Transitions - When a roof plane ties into another roof plane that has a different pitch or slope.
U
Under-driven - Term used to describe a fastener not fully driven flush to the shingles surface.
Underlayments - One or more layers of approved materials designed to be installed under main roofing layer to serve as added protection; for under a steep-slope roof covering.
Uniform Wind Mitigation Form - An insurance form to verify the type and time of roofing and home construction.
V
Valleys -Area where two adjoining sloped roof planes intersect on a roof creating a "V" shaped depression.
Vapor - Term used to describe moisture laden air.
Ventilation - The term used in roofing for the passage of air from or through an enclosed space.
W
Warm wall - The finished wall inside of a structure, used in roofing to determine how to install waterproof underlayments at eaves.
Warranty - The written promise to the owner of roofing materials for material related problems.
Waterproof underlayments - Modified bitumen based roofing underlayments. Designed to seal to wood decks and waterproof critical leak areas.
Weather Stopper® Integrated Roofing System™ - GAFMC’s complete roofing system and components.
Weather Watch® - GAFMC’s granule surfaced waterproof underlayment.
Woven Valleys - The method of installing valleys by laying one shingle over the other up the valley center.
Z
Z Bar or Z flashing: - A piece of steel formed in the shape of a "Z."
Zinc: - Excellent weathering properties. A bluish-white, lustrous metallic element that is brittle at room temperature but malleable with heating. It is used to form a wide variety of alloys including brass, bronze, various solders, and nickel silver, in galvanizing iron and other metals, for electric fuses, anodes, and meter cases, and in roofing, gutters, flashings, edge metals and also for various household objects. Atomic number 30; atomic weight 65.37; melting point 419.4 °C; boiling point 907 °C; specific gravity 7.133 (25 °C); valence 2